HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS

The course aims at providing a basic introduction to the Physics of Compact Objects and their astrophysical evidence. At the end of the course pupils will have acquired a basic set of theoretical and phenomenological tools enabling them to place Black Hole physics within the wider context of galaxy evolution in our Universe, and their mututal relations.
Emphasis will be put on two methodological aspects:

• Observational evidence for Compact Objects over the whole electromagnetic spectrum, from microwaves to gamma rays and cosmic rays and neutrinos;
• Theoretical modelling of Compact Objects an of their mutual interaction with their host galaxies.

Problem sessions will be an integral part of the course, and will enable pupils to self-evaluate their progress in learning.

Twenty-one lectures each of two hours.

The course is divided into four parts:

1) Compact Objects: Observational evidence.

Stellar-sized compact objects: White Dwarfs, Neutron stars, Black Holes (semi-classical). Final phases of stellar evolution: supernovae and gravitational collapse. Thermal instability. "Fireballs" and jets. Shock wave propagation. Mass spectrum of Supernova remants and emerging stellar BHs.
Supermassive BHs: observational evidence. BH-galaxy scaling relations (local Universe). Self-similar BH-galaxy co-evolution. Self-similarity breaking scales: environmental effects.

2) Active Galactic Nuclei and their host galaxies.

AGNs: spectral properties. Quasar, Seyfert Galaxies: optical and UV spectral properties. Broad Absorption Line region (BAL): absorption and emission line formation. BAL: modelling. BAL: diagnostics of accretion region. Fanaroff-Riley galaxies: radio modelling.Stellar evolution (reminder). Off-Main Sequence stellar tracks, Red Giant Brach (RGB). Post-AGB stars. Dust formation. Stellar formation in galaxies. Stellar population synthesis modelling. Ages of stellar populations in high redshift galaxies.Cosmological evolution of AGN populations. AGNs and stellar formation. Galaxy evolution in colour diagrams. Main sequence of galaxies (MSG). Evolution off-MSG: Blue Cloud, Green Valley, Red Sequence: physical interpretation. Madau diagrams. AGN feedback: Introduction. Dynamical evolution of jet-ISM interactions. Radio cocoon and radio jets: synchrotron emission and modelling.

3) Black Holes: A physical introduction​.

Parallel transport in curved Space-Time. Geodesics: definition and general properties. Killing vectors and symmetries. Riemannian (intrinsic) curvature of ST. Einstein equations.
Static (Schwarzschild) and rotating (Kerr-Newman) BHs. Geodesics around BHs. Post-newtonian and PPN solutions. Horizon. BH membrane model. Wormholes: basic properties. Approximated gravitational potential: Paczinsky-Wijta and their extensions.
Accretion discs around BHs. Shakura-Sunyaev, slim discs. Magnetic fields around BHs magnetospheres. Relativistic jets: formation and structure. Spectra of accretion discs and jets. Sites of UHECRs and neutrinos production and acceleration.
Gravitational waves from binary BHs: generation. Waveforms and BH binary parameters estimation. GWs scattering (short introduction). GW background: probe of galaxies cosmological evolution. "Multimessenger" astrophysics through GW and neutrinos backgrounds.

4) High-energy particle acceleration and BHs

Magnetic fields around accretion discs and jets. Sites of MF acceleration. Fermi I and II mechanisms. Pair annihilation. Neutrino production from in-site hadronic interactions. Detailed balance (equilibrium). Non-equilibrium particle production (short introduction). Charged particle propagation: Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin distance. Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and neutrinos: production mechanisms.

1. P. Schneider - Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology - An Introduction, Springer V. (New York) (2006)
2. S. Shapiro, S. Teukolsky - Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars - The Physics of Compact Objects, Wiley & Sons (2008)
3. J. Krolik - Active Galactic Nuclei: From the Central Black Hole to the Galactic Environment, Princeton University Press (1999)
4. G. Ghisellini - Radiative Processes in High Energy Astrophysics, Springer V. (New York) (2013)
5. R. D'Inverno - Introducing Einstein's Relativity, Oxford University Press (2013)
6. M. Bartelmann - Theoretical Astrophysics: An Introduction, Wiley & Sons (2013)